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intellectual occupation

Толкование Перевод

1 интеллектуальное занятие

intellectual occupation

Russian-english psychology dictionary > интеллектуальное занятие
2 интеллектуальное занятие

intellectual occupation

Русско-английский политический словарь > интеллектуальное занятие
3 интеллектуальный труд

intellectual occupation

Русско-английский политический словарь > интеллектуальный труд
4 интелектуален

intellectual

интелектуално занимание intellectual occupation; brain work

* * *

интелектуа̀лен,

прил., -на, -но, -ни intellectual; \интелектуаленно занимание intellectual occupation; brain work.

* * *

highbrow; intellectual: интелектуален occupation - интелектуално занимание; intelligential; noetic

* * *
1. intellectual 2. интелектуално занимание intellectual occupation; brain work

Български-английски речник > интелектуален
5 інтелектуальний

intellectual

інтелектуальний рід занять — intellectual occupation

інтелектуальний модем комп. — intelligent modem

Українсько-англійський словник > інтелектуальний
6 занятие заняти·е

1) (дело, труд, работа) occupation, profession, trade, work, business

бесперспективное занятие — blind-alley employment / job / occupation

интеллектуальное занятие — intellectual occupation

основное занятие — main / primary occupation

побочное занятие — secondary occupation

род занятий — line of business, kind of work

классификация населения по роду занятий — occupational classification of the population

часы занятий — working hours; (в учреждении) office hours; (в школе) school hours

2) (города, страны, предприятия и т.п.) occupation

3) разг. (времяпрепровождение) pastime

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > занятие заняти·е
7 интеллигентный

intelligent; intellectual

интеллектуальное занятие; интеллигентный труд — intellectual occupation

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > интеллигентный
8 интеллектуальное занятие

General subject: intellectual occupation

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > интеллектуальное занятие
9 интеллигентный труд

General subject: intellectual occupation

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > интеллигентный труд
10 Betätigung

f

1. (Tätigkeit) activity; (Arbeit) job, work, occupation; allg.: something ( oder things) to do; körperliche Betätigung physical exercise; sportliche Betätigung sporting activity ( oder activities); wissenschaftliche Betätigung scientific work ( oder activity); ich brauche mehr geistige Betätigung I need more intellectual stimulation; das ist keine sinnvolle Betätigung! it’s a pointless exercise

2. nur Sg.; (das Betätigen) TECH. operation, activation; von Bremse: application

* * *

die Betätigung

(Tätigkeit) activity

* * *
Be|tä|ti|gung
f

1) (= Tätigkeit) activity

an Betä́tigung fehlt es mir nicht — I've no lack of things to do

2) (= Aktivierung) operation; (von Muskel, Gehirn, Darm) activation; (von Bremsen) applying, application; (von Mechanismus) operation, activation, actuation (form); (von Knopf) pressing; (durch Drehen) turning; (von Schalter) turning on; (von Hebel) moving; (von Sirene) sounding

etw zur Betä́tigung der Muskeln tun — to do sth to exercise one's muscles

die Betä́tigung des Mechanismus erfolgt durch Knopfdruck — pressing the button activates the mechanism or sets the mechanism in motion

* * *

die

1) activeness

2) (something which one does as a pastime, as part of one's job etc: His activities include fishing and golf.) activity

* * *

Be·tä·ti·gung

<-, -en>

[bəˈtɛ:tɪgʊŋ]

f

1. (Aktivität) activity; (berufliche Tätigkeit) work

2. (das Drücken) pressing; von Bremse application; von Knopf pushing; (das Umlegen o Ziehen) operation

die fahrlässige \Betätigung der Notbremse im fahrenden Zug ist unter Strafe gestellt pulling the emergency cord without good reason [or abuse of the emergency brake] in a moving train is a punishable offence; (das Einschalten) activation

* * *

die; Betätigung, Betätigungen

1) activity

2) o. Pl. (das Bedienen) operation; (einer Bremse) application

* * *

Betätigung f

1. (Tätigkeit) activity; (Arbeit) job, work, occupation; allg: something ( oder things) to do;

körperliche Betätigung physical exercise;

sportliche Betätigung sporting activity ( oder activities);

wissenschaftliche Betätigung scientific work ( oder activity);

ich brauche mehr geistige Betätigung I need more intellectual stimulation;

das ist keine sinnvolle Betätigung! it’s a pointless exercise

2. nur sg; (das Betätigen) TECH operation, activation; von Bremse: application

* * *

die; Betätigung, Betätigungen

1) activity

2) o. Pl. (das Bedienen) operation; (einer Bremse) application

* * *

f.

activation n.

activity n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Betätigung
11 Philosophy

   1) There Are Ideas That Have Their Own True and Immutable Nature

   And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)

   2) Examine What Is within Our Reach

   Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)

   3) Modern Philosophy Starts with the Cartesian Catastrophe

   As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)

   4) The Rightful Claims of Philosophy

   It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the inﬂuence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic inﬂuences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)

   5) The Philosophy of Philosophy

   Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)

   6) Philosophy Is a Field Which Has Certain Central Questions

   I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)

   7) The Central Task of Philosophy

   What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.

   This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).

   The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....

   Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)

   8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science

   In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)

   9) The Enduring Value of Philosophy

   Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....

   Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)

    10) The Distinction between Dionysian Man and Apollonian Man, between Art and Creativity and Reason and Self- Control

   In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy
12 qualité

qualité [kalite]

feminine noun

   a. [de marchandise] quality

• la qualité de (la) vie the quality of life

• de qualité [article, ouvrage, spectacle] quality

• c'est de bonne/mauvaise qualité it's good/poor quality

• article de première qualité top-quality article

   b. [de personne] ( = vertu) quality ; ( = don) skill

• qualités humaines/personnelles human/personal qualities

• qualités professionnelles professional skills

• qualités de gestionnaire management skills

   c. ( = fonction) position

• sa qualité de directeur his position as manager

• en sa qualité de maire in his capacity as mayor

• en (ma) qualité d'auteur as an author

• vos nom, prénom et qualité surname, forename (Brit) or given name (US) and occupation

* * *
kalite
nom féminin

1) ( valeur) quality

de bonne qualité — good quality (épith)

de qualité — quality (épith)

de première qualité — of the highest quality

qualité de la vie — quality of life

2) ( aptitude) quality

avoir beaucoup de qualités — to have many (good) qualities

ses qualités de gestionnaire — his/her skills as an administrator

la franchise n'est pas sa qualité première — openness is not his/her strong point

3) Industrie quality

4) ( statut) status; ( fonction) position

sa qualité de directeur l'autorise à faire — his/her position as manager allows him/her to do

en (sa) qualité de représentant — in his/her capacity as a representative

nom, prénom et qualité — surname, first name and occupation

5) ( sorte) quality

* * *
kalite nf
1) [produit] quality

Ces outils sont de très bonne qualité. — These are very good quality tools.

rapport qualité-prix — value, value for money

de qualité — quality modif

2) [personne] good quality

3) (= fonction) position

en qualité de — in one's capacity as

ès qualités — in an official capacity

avoir qualité pour — to have authority to

* * *

qualité nf

1 ( valeur) quality; du cuir de bonne/mauvaise/meilleure qualité good/poor/better quality leather; de qualité [produit, spectacle, médecine, matériel] quality ( épith); être de qualité to be of good quality; de première qualité of the highest quality; qualité de la vie quality of life;

2 ( aptitude) quality; avoir beaucoup de qualités to have many qualities; la franchise n'est pas sa qualité première frankness isn't his greatest quality; avoir les qualités requises to have the necessary qualities; avoir des qualités de dirigeant to have leadership qualities; ses qualités de gestionnaire his skills as an administrator;

3 Entr, Ind quality; système/audit de qualité quality system/audit; gestion/assurance/maîtrise de la qualité quality management/assurance/control; certificat de qualité certificate of quality; service qualité quality department;

4 ( statut) status; ( fonction) position; la qualité de citoyen/réfugié the status of citizen/refugee; sa qualité de directeur l'autorise à faire his position as manager allows him to do; avoir qualité pour faire to be entitled to do; en (sa) qualité de représentant in his capacity as representative; nom, prénom et qualité surname, first name and occupation; ès qualités ex officio;

5 ( sorte) quality; nous avons plusieurs qualités de champagne/papier we have several qualities of champagne/paper.

Composé

qualité de l'air Écol air quality.

[kalite] nom féminin

1. [côté positif - d'une personne] quality, virtue ; [ - d'une chose] good point, positive feature

qualités morales/intellectuelles moral/intellectual qualities

avoir des qualités de cœur to have a good heart

2. [propriété] quality, property

cette plante a des qualités laxatives this plant has laxative properties

3. [niveau] quality, grade

qualité ordinaire standard ou regular grade

de qualité inférieure low-quality, shoddy

la qualité de l'impression est insuffisante/bonne the quality of the printing is inadequate/good

qualité de vie quality of life

qualité totale COMMERCE total quality management

4. [statut] position

DROIT quality, capacity

nom, prénom, âge et qualité name, first name, age and occupation

avoir qualité pour faire quelque chose

a. [être habilité] to be entitled to do something

b. [être capable] to be qualified to do something

5. [supériorité qualitative] quality

la qualité se paie you get what you pay for

6. PHILOSOPHIE quality

————————

qualités nom féminin pluriel

[mérites] skills, qualifications

pensez-vous avoir les qualités requises? do you think you've got the required skills?

————————

de qualité locution adjectivale

1. [de luxe] quality (modificateur), high-standard

vêtements de qualité quality clothes

2. (vieilli) [noble] noble

————————

en qualité de locution prépositionnelle

en qualité de tuteur, je peux intervenir (in my capacity) as guardian, I can intervene

ès qualités locution adverbiale

ADMINISTRATION & DROIT in one's official capacity

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > qualité
13 trabajo

m.

1 work.

una casa tan grande da mucho trabajo a big house like that is a lot of work

hacer un buen trabajo to do a good job

ser un trabajo de chinos (informal figurative) to be a finicky job

trabajo de campo field work

trabajo en o de equipo teamwork

trabajo físico physical effort

trabajo intelectual mental effort

trabajo manual manual labor

trabajos forzados o forzosos hard labor

trabajo de oficina office work

trabajo social social work

trabajo sucio dirty work

trabajo temporal temporary work

2 job (empleo).

buscar/encontrar trabajo to look for/find work o a job

no tener trabajo to be out of work

3 work (place).

en el trabajo at work

ir al trabajo to go to work

4 essay (escrito) (por estudiante).

5 labor (economics & politics).

6 effort (esfuerzo).

costar mucho trabajo to take a lot of effort

tomarse el trabajo de hacer algo to go to o take the trouble of doing something

7 work place, job, workplace.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: trabajar.

* * *

trabajo

► nombre masculino

1 (ocupación) work

2 (tarea) task, job

3 (empleo) job, employment

4 (esfuerzo) effort

5 EDUCACIÓN report, paper

► nombre masculino plural trabajos

1 figurado (penalidades) hardships

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

ahorrarse el trabajo to save oneself the trouble

con gran trabajo / con mucho trabajo with great effort

cuesta trabajo... it's hard to...

■ cuesta trabajo aceptarlo it's hard to accept it

estar sin trabajo to be out of work

ir al trabajo to go to work

sin trabajo (fácilmente) easily

tomarse el trabajo de to take the trouble to

puesto de trabajo job

trabajo a destajo piecework

trabajo de chinos familiar very intricate work, time-consuming work

trabajo de equipo teamwork

trabajo de media jornada part-time job

trabajo eventual casual labour (US labor)

trabajo intelectual brainwork

trabajo por turno / trabajo por turnos shiftwork

trabajos forzados / trabajos forzosos hard labour (US labor) sing

trabajos manuales arts and crafts, handicrafts

* * *

noun m.

1) work, job

2) labor

3) effort

* * *

SM

1) (=labor) work

tengo mucho trabajo — I have a lot of work

me queda trabajo para una hora — I have an hour's work left

¡buen trabajo! — good work!

en reconocimiento a su trabajo como actor — in recognition of his work as an actor

tiene una enorme capacidad de trabajo — she's a very willing worker

planchar la ropa es el trabajo que menos me gusta — the ironing is the job I like least

a veces le sale algún que otro trabajillo — he gets odd jobs now and then

• el trabajo de la casa — the housework

• ropa de trabajo — work clothes

• estar sin trabajo — to be unemployed

los que están sin trabajo — the unemployed

quedarse sin trabajo — to find o.s. out of work, lose one's job

- ¡esto es un trabajo de chinos!

trabajo a destajo — piecework

trabajo de campo, trabajo en el terreno — fieldwork

trabajo en equipo — teamwork

trabajo intelectual — brainwork

trabajo manual — manual labour, manual labor (EEUU)

trabajo nocturno — night work

trabajo por turnos — shiftwork

trabajos forzados — hard labour sing, hard labor (EEUU) sing

trabajos manuales — (Escol) handicrafts

trabajo social — social work

trabajo sucio — dirty work

2) (tb: puesto de trabajo) job

le han ofrecido un trabajo en el banco — he's been offered a job at the bank

tengo un trabajo de media jornada — I have a job working half-days

no encuentro trabajo — I can't find work o a job

trabajo eventual — temporary job

trabajo fijo — permanent job

3) (tb: lugar de trabajo) work

vivo cerca de mi trabajo — I live near work o near my workplace

está en el trabajo — she's at work

me puedes llamar al trabajo — you can call me at work

ir al trabajo — to go to work

4) (=esfuerzo)

lo hizo con mucho trabajo — it cost him a lot of effort to do it

han sido muchos años de trabajo para ganar el pleito — it has taken many years' hard work to win the lawsuit

• ahorrarse el trabajo — to save o.s. the trouble

• costar trabajo, le cuesta trabajo hacerlo — he finds it hard to do

me cuesta trabajo decir que no — I find it hard to say no

• dar trabajo, reparar la casa nos ha dado mucho trabajo — it was hard work o a real job repairing the house

los niños pequeños dan mucho trabajo — small children are a lot of work

• tomarse el trabajo de hacer algo — to take the trouble to do sth

- trabajo te doy, trabajo te mando

5) (=obra) (Arte, Literat) work; (Educ) essay; [de investigación] study

uno de los mejores trabajos del arquitecto — one of the architect's greatest works

tengo que entregar dos trabajos mañana — I have to hand in two essays tomorrow

6) (Econ)

a) (=mano de obra) labour, labor (EEUU)

b) (tb: Ministerio de Trabajo) ≈ Department of Employment, ≈ Department of Labor (EEUU)

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( empleo) job

conseguir trabajo — to get o find work, to get o find a job

buscar trabajo — to look for work o for a job

quedarse sin trabajo — to lose one's job

no tiene trabajo fijo — he doesn't have a steady job

un trabajo de media jornada or (AmL) de medio tiempo or (Esp) a tiempo parcial — a part-time job

trabajo de jornada completa or de or a tiempo completo — full-time work o job

b) ( lugar) work

está en el trabajo — she's at work

ir al trabajo — to go to work

2) (actividad, labor) work

requiere años de trabajo — it takes years of work

trabajo en equipo — teamwork

el trabajo de la casa — housework

este bordado tiene mucho trabajo — a lot of work has gone into this embroidery

los niños dan mucho trabajo — children are hard work

buen trabajo! — well done!

fue premiado por su trabajo en esa película — he was given an award for his performance in that movie

- trabajo a destajo

- trabajo a reglamento

- trabajo de campo

- trabajo de chinos

- trabajo de parto

- trabajo de práctica

- trabajos forzados

- trabajos manuales

- trabajo voluntario

3)

a) ( tarea) job

limpiar el horno es un trabajo que odio — cleaning the oven is a job o chore I hate

b) ( obra escrita) piece of work

hice un trabajo sobre Lorca — I did a paper on Lorca

4) ( esfuerzo)

con mucho trabajo consiguió levantarse — with great effort she managed to get up

me cuesta trabajo creerlo — I find it hard to believe

se tomó/dio el trabajo de venir — she took the trouble to come

5) (Econ) labor*

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( empleo) job

conseguir trabajo — to get o find work, to get o find a job

buscar trabajo — to look for work o for a job

quedarse sin trabajo — to lose one's job

no tiene trabajo fijo — he doesn't have a steady job

un trabajo de media jornada or (AmL) de medio tiempo or (Esp) a tiempo parcial — a part-time job

trabajo de jornada completa or de or a tiempo completo — full-time work o job

b) ( lugar) work

está en el trabajo — she's at work

ir al trabajo — to go to work

2) (actividad, labor) work

requiere años de trabajo — it takes years of work

trabajo en equipo — teamwork

el trabajo de la casa — housework

este bordado tiene mucho trabajo — a lot of work has gone into this embroidery

los niños dan mucho trabajo — children are hard work

buen trabajo! — well done!

fue premiado por su trabajo en esa película — he was given an award for his performance in that movie

- trabajo a destajo

- trabajo a reglamento

- trabajo de campo

- trabajo de chinos

- trabajo de parto

- trabajo de práctica

- trabajos forzados

- trabajos manuales

- trabajo voluntario

3)

a) ( tarea) job

limpiar el horno es un trabajo que odio — cleaning the oven is a job o chore I hate

b) ( obra escrita) piece of work

hice un trabajo sobre Lorca — I did a paper on Lorca

4) ( esfuerzo)

con mucho trabajo consiguió levantarse — with great effort she managed to get up

me cuesta trabajo creerlo — I find it hard to believe

se tomó/dio el trabajo de venir — she took the trouble to come

5) (Econ) labor*

* * *

trabajo¹

¹ = employment, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], job, labour [labor, -USA], leg work, occupation, task, work, working environment, workload [work load], pursuit, workmanship, footwork, handwork, professional position, working practice, pursuit in life, handiwork, lifework, line of business, toil, industry.

Ex: Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.

Ex: Eventually, it came to be recognized that the Classification Research Group's endeavours might be pertinent to the problem of alphabetical indexing.

Ex: To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.

Ex: An editor is a person who prepares for publication an item not his own and whose labour may be limited to the preparation of the item for the manufacturer.

Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS may replace the typewriter, the catalog card, and much leg work, but it cannot replace the decision-making capabilities of the library staff.

Ex: Headings such as SALESMEN AND SALESMANSHIP and FIREMEN, since they are assigned to works covering the activities of both men and women in these occupations, are not specific.

Ex: Further, menu screens will be necessary until the user has specified the task that he wishes executed or the information that he wishes to retrieve sufficiently for execution or retrieval to be effected.

Ex: The Classification Research Group (CRG) has been a major force in the development of classification theory, and has made a major contribution towards work on a new general classification scheme.

Ex: This article examines the various features now available on copiers and comments on the usefulness in a working environment.

Ex: Each of these changes, if we were to deal with them in an adequate manner, create severe workload problems for the cataloging department.

Ex: What is more arguable is whether or not it is a bibliographical pursuit at all since it bears little relationship to the physical nature of the book.

Ex: William R Lethaby, the architect who had Westminster Abbey in his charge for over twenty years, once said 'Art is thoughtful workmanship'.

Ex: If we decide to take on making up a subject file there'd be a lot of footwork even if we use that list as a basis = Si decidimos aceptar crear un fichero ordenado por materias habría mucho trabajo incluso si usamos esta lista como base.

Ex: The newspaper's suppression after the first issue was not, as some historians have declared, the handwork of Massachusetts' Puritan clergy = La supresión del periódico después de su primer número no fue, como algunos historiadores han declarado, por la intervención del clero puritano de Massachussetts.

Ex: In virtually all of her professional positions she has been involved with the handling of documents.

Ex: While many believe that print on paper will never die, new formats are already changing working practice in many spheres.

Ex: People who are blind, regardless of their pursuit in life, will not have access to current information, books, learning, or education opportunities unless all libraries and blindness organizations agree to work together.

Ex: Rather than bringing in butchers to do the handiwork of his dissections, Vesalius himself worked on the human cadavers and said that students of medicine should do the same.

Ex: This is an eloquent, moving testament to the lifework of a major artist of unimpeachable technique and passion.

Ex: The computer people are muscling in on our line of business and we can't stop them.

Ex: Furthermore, the computer can be used, and is already being used, to eliminate drudgery, busywork, and useless toil in library systems.

Ex: In fact, the terms of the contrast are highly ambivalent: order vs. anarchy, liberty vs. despotism, or industry vs. sloth, and also dissimulation vs. honesty.

* acoso en el trabajo = workplace mobbing.

* agenda de trabajo = work agenda.

* agobiado de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.

* ahorrar el trabajo de = save + effort in.

* almuerzo de trabajo = work luncheon.

* ámbito de trabajo = field of endeavour.

* amor al trabajo = love of work.

* ansiedad en el trabajo = job anxiety, work anxiety.

* anterior al trabajo = pre-service.

* anuncio de trabajo = help wanted ad, help wanted notice.

* anuncios de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.

* año de trabajo = man year.

* ascender en el trabajo = step up + the career ladder.

* ascenso en el trabajo = job promotion.

* aspirar a un puesto de trabajo = aspire to + position.

* asunto relacionado con el trabajo = work-related issue.

* avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.

* basado en el trabajo en equipo = team-based.

* bibliografía de trabajo = working bibliography.

* biblioteconomía especializada en el trabajo de referencia = reference librarianship.

* bolsa de trabajo = labour exchange, job opportunities, employment bureau, employment centre, employment opportunity, job centre, job pool.

* borrador de trabajo = working paper.

* buscador de trabajo = job applicant, job seeker.

* buscar trabajo = seek + employment.

* buscar trabajo en la calle = work + the streets.

* campo de trabajo = field of endeavour.

* campo de trabajos forzados = labour camp, forced labour camp.

* cantidad de trabajo = workload [work load].

* carga de trabajo = workload [work load].

* centro de trabajo = workplace.

* cobrar en un trabajo = job + pay.

* comenzar el turno de trabajo = go on + duty.

* comida de trabajo = business meal, professional meal.

* compañero de trabajo = co-worker [coworker], male colleague, work colleague, fellow worker.

* complementos del trabajo = fringe benefits, fringes.

* conciliación del trabajo y la familia = reconciliation of work and family.

* con demasiado trabajo = overworked.

* condiciones del contrato de trabajo = terms of employment.

* condiciones de trabajo = working conditions.

* con mucho trabajo = painfully.

* conseguir un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.

* conseguir un trabajo = enter + job, land + job.

* con trabajo = in post.

* contratar al primero que solicita el trabajo = hire on a first-come, first-take basis.

* contrato de trabajo = contract position.

* conversación de trabajo = shop talk.

* costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.

* costar trabajo = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.

* cualquier trabajo temporal = casual job.

* cubrir un puesto de trabajo = fill + position.

* cuestión relacionada con el trabajo = work-related issue.

* dar permiso en el trabajo = give + time off work.

* dar trabajo = present + burden.

* dedicar trabajo = expend + effort.

* definición de trabajo = working definition.

* dejar a Alguien sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.

* dejar el puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post.

* dejar el trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post, quit + Posesivo + job, jump + ship.

* dejar sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.

* dejar un puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + position.

* dejar un trabajo = quit, resign + Posesivo + post.

* denominación del puesto de trabajo = job title, occupational title.

* dentro del mismo trabajo = intraoccupational.

* derecho del trabajo = employment law.

* desarrollar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.

* desarrollar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.

* descripción del puesto de trabajo = job description, position description, job profile.

* desempeñar un trabajo = exercise + work.

* despedir del trabajo = make + redundant.

* después del horario de trabajo = after hours [after-hours].

* de trabajo = working.

* día del trabajo = Labour Day.

* día de trabajo = working day.

* día internacional del trabajo = Labour Day.

* diario automático de trabajo = time log.

* dignidad del trabajo = dignity of work.

* dinámica de trabajo = workflow [work flow].

* distribución del trabajo = workflow [work flow].

* distribuir el trabajo = spread + the load.

* división del trabajo = division of labour.

* documento de trabajo = working document, working draft.

* eficacia en el trabajo = quality of service.

* elaborar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.

* eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.

* empresa de trabajo = industrial affiliation.

* encomendar un trabajo a Alguien = assign + job.

* encontrar trabajo = find + a job.

* encontrar trabajo en una biblioteca = join + library.

* en el horario de trabajo = on company time.

* en el trabajo = on-the-job, at work.

* enseñanza antes de empezar el trabajo = pre-service education.

* enseñanza en el trabajo = in-service education.

* entorno de trabajo = working environment, work environment.

* entrevista de trabajo = job interview.

* equipo de trabajo = study team, project team, work team.

* esclavo del trabajo = workaholic.

* escribir un trabajo = write + essay.

* espacio de trabajo = workspace.

* específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.

* estación de trabajo = workstation [work station], desktop workstation.

* estación de trabajo remota = outstation.

* estadía de trabajo = work visit.

* estar mareado de tanto trabajo = be reeling.

* estar relacionado con el trabajo = be work related.

* estar saturado de trabajo = work to + capacity.

* estar sin trabajo = stay out of + work.

* estrategia que ahorra trabajo = labour saver.

* estrés en el trabajo = job stress.

* evaluar el rendimiento en el trabajo = evaluate + work performance.

* excedencia en el trabajo = leave of absence.

* ficha de trabajo = worksheet, project worksheet.

* formación continua en el trabajo = workplace training, workplace learning.

* formación en el trabajo = in-service training, in-service education, in-service, on-the-job training, in-service support.

* funciones del puesto de trabajo = position + entail + duty.

* grupo de trabajo = study group, study team, task force, working party, task group, research group, working group, project team.

* grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.

* guía de trabajo = working guide.

* hábito de trabajo = work habit, working habit.

* hablar del trabajo = talk + shop.

* hacer + Posesivo + trabajo = get on with + Posesivo + work.

* hacer (todo) el trabajo pesado = do (all) + the donkey work.

* hacer un buen trabajo = do + a good job.

* hacer un trabajo = do + work, do + job.

* hacer un trabajo sobre = do + a project about.

* hasta aquí de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.

* hasta el cuello de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.

* herramienta de trabajo = tool, tool.

* hora de trabajo = man-hour.

* horario de trabajo = hours of operation, working hours, work hours.

* horario intenso de trabajo = long hours, the.

* horarios de trabajo demasiado cargados = over-long hours.

* igualdad de oportunidad en el trabajo = equal employment opportunity.

* igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for comparable work.

* igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de igual valor = equal pay for equal work.

* incentivo en el trabajo = work incentive, labour incentive.

* indicador del trabajo realizado = workload indicator.

* intercambio de puestos de trabajo = job exchange.

* jornada de trabajo = workshop.

* liberar del exceso de trabajo = relieve + overload.

* liberar de trabajo = relieve + pressure.

* línea de trabajo = line of work.

* llamar al trabajo para excusarse por enfermedad = call in + sick.

* llegar tarde al trabajo = be late for work.

* lugar de trabajo = affiliation, institutional affiliation, working environment, workplace, place of work, worksite [work site], home institution.

* lugar de trabajo del autor = author affiliation.

* magistratura del trabajo = industrial tribunal.

* marco de trabajo = framework.

* medida de seguridad e higiene en el trabajo = health and safety standard.

* memoria de trabajo = working memory.

* mercado de trabajo = labour market, job market.

* mercado de trabajo, el = employment market, the.

* mesa de trabajo = desk, study table.

* método de trabajo = working method.

* Ministerio de Trabajo = Department of Labor.

* modelo de trabajo = working model, business model.

* mucho trabajo = hard graft.

* negligente en el trabajo = malpractitioner.

* neurosis producida por el trabajo = occupational neurosis.

* NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).

* no perder el trabajo = stay in + work.

* norma de trabajo = working rule.

* no tener trabajo = be unemployed.

* obtener un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.

* ocupar un puesto de trabajo = assume + position, take up + post, hold + post.

* oferta de trabajo = job advertisement, job offer, help wanted ad, help wanted notice.

* ofertas de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.

* oportunidad de trabajo = career opportunity.

* organización del trabajo = workflow [work flow], working arrangement.

* paquete de trabajo = workpackage.

* para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.

* pérdida de puestos de trabajo = squeeze on jobs.

* permiso de trabajo = work permit.

* permuta de trabajo = job exchange.

* persona encargada de hacer los trabajos sucios = hatchetman.

* persona obsesiva con el trabajo = workoholic [workholic], workaholic.

* persona que asigna el trabajo = assigner.

* persona que deja un trabajo = leaver.

* persona que reparte el trabajo = assigner.

* personas sin trabajo remunerado, los = unwaged, the.

* plan de trabajo = research agenda, work plan, working plan, work schedule.

* política de trabajo = policy.

* postura exigida por el trabajo = work posture.

* proceso de trabajo = work process.

* programa de formación en el trabajo = in-service training program(me).

* programa de trabajo = work schedule.

* programa de trabajo como interno residente = residency.

* promoción en el trabajo = job promotion.

* propuesta de trabajo = project proposal.

* proyecto de trabajo = work project.

* puente de trabajo = catwalk.

* puesto de trabajo = appointment, position, post, opening, career path, professional position, position held.

* puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.

* puesto de trabajo ocupado = position held.

* puestos de trabajo ocupados = positions held.

* quitar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.

* realizar el trabajo = get + Posesivo + work done.

* realizar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.

* realizar un trabajo = perform + work, undertake + work.

* realizar un trabajo monótono = have + Posesivo + nose to the grindstone.

* red de trabajo = peer-to-peer network.

* relacionado con el trabajo = job-related, work-related.

* relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.

* relativo al trabajo = occupational.

* rendimiento en el trabajo = work performance.

* reunión de trabajo = business meeting, business session.

* ropa de trabajo = work clothes.

* rutina de trabajo = work process.

* sala de trabajo = workroom.

* salir del trabajo = clock off + work.

* salud en el trabajo = occupational health.

* satisfacción en el trabajo = job satisfaction, work satisfaction.

* segregación en el trabajo = job segregation, employment segregation.

* seguridad en el trabajo = safety at work, occupational safety.

* sesión de trabajo = work session, working session.

* sicología del trabajo = occupational psychology.

* sin trabajo = jobless.

* sobrecargado de trabajo = overworked.

* sociología del trabajo = sociology of work.

* soliciante de trabajo = job applicant.

* solicitud de trabajo = job application.

* superficie de trabajo = working surface, work surface.

* taller de trabajo = workshop, study school.

* taller de trabajo esclavo = sweatshop.

* taller de trabajo sobre composición = writing workshop.

* tener trabajo para rato = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.

* tener un segundo trabajo = moonlight, work + a second job.

* tener un trabajo = hold down + job.

* tener un trabajo remunerado = be gainfully employed.

* tener un trabajo retribuido = be gainfully employed.

* tensión en el trabajo = job stress.

* tensión producida por el trabajo = occupational stress.

* terminar turno de trabajo = come off + duty.

* toda una vida de trabajo = a lifetime of work.

* tomarse excedencia en el trabajo = take + leave from + employment.

* tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de permiso en el trabajo = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.

* tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off work.

* tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off, take + time out.

* trabajo académico = academic work.

* trabajo a destajo = piecework.

* trabajo a distancia = telecommuting, teleworking, telework.

* trabajo administrativo de apoyo = clerical work.

* trabajo a medias = job share.

* trabajo artesanal = craftsmanship.

* trabajo a tiempo parcial = part-time work, part-time employment, part-time job.

* trabajo atípico = atypical work.

* trabajo autónomo = self-employment.

* trabajo bibliográfico = bibliographic work.

* trabajo bibliotecario = library work.

* trabajo burocrático = paper-keeping.

* trabajo científico = scientific work, scholarly work.

* trabajo compartido = job sharing.

* trabajo complicado = major exercise.

* trabajo con documentación automatizada = computer-based information work.

* trabajo conjunto = interworking.

* trabajo con ordenador = computer work.

* trabajo cotidiano = daily work.

* trabajo creativo = creative work.

* trabajo de alfabetización = literacy work.

* trabajo de apoyo = escort work.

* trabajo de calidad = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].

* trabajo de campo = fieldwork [field work].

* trabajo de catalogación = cataloguing work.

* trabajo de chinos = fiddly [fiddlier -comp., fiddliest -sup.].

* trabajo de clase = term paper, coursework [course work], term project, homework.

* trabajo de detective = sleuthing.

* trabajo de escolta = escort work.

* trabajo de impresión = bookwork.

* trabajo de impresión de material efímero = ephemeral jobbing.

* trabajo de información y de las bibliotecas = library and information work.

* trabajo de investigación = investigative work, research paper, research work.

* trabajo de la casa = housework.

* trabajo de menores = child labour.

* trabajo de poca monta = odd-job.

* trabajo de préstamo de servicios = service job.

* trabajo de referencia = reference work.

* trabajo desinteresado = labour of love.

* trabajo detectivesco = sleuthing.

* trabajo de toda una vida = life's work, lifework.

* trabajo diario = day's work, daily work.

* trabajo doméstico = domestic duty, domestic work, domestic task.

* trabajo duro = hard labour, thirsty work, hard work.

* trabajo duro, mucho trabajo = hard graft.

* trabajo editorial = editorship.

* trabajo en archivística = archives work.

* trabajo en colaboración = interworking.

* trabajo en común = interworking.

* trabajo en curso = work in progress.

* trabajo en equipo = teamwork, collaborative teamwork, team management.

* trabajo en red = networking.

* trabajo en sucio = rough work.

* trabajo entre manos, el = work at hand, the.

* trabajo eventual = jobbing.

* trabajo físico = physical work.

* trabajo improductivo = busywork.

* trabajo individual = independent study, self-study.

* trabajo infantil = child labour, child work.

* trabajo ininterrumpido = continuous work.

* trabajo manual = craft, craft activity, handiwork, manual labour.

* trabajo monótono = drudge work, drudgery.

* trabajo + no faltar = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.

* trabajo no remunerado = unpaid work, unremunerated work.

* trabajo pesado = grind, grinding, donkey work.

* trabajo por cuenta propia = self-employment.

* trabajo por libre = freelance [free-lance].

* trabajo por + Posesivo + cuenta = freelance [free-lance].

* trabajo por turnos = shift work.

* trabajo práctico = fieldwork [field work], practical work.

* trabajo preliminar = groundwork, legwork, spadework [spade work].

* trabajo previo = groundwork, spadework [spade work].

* trabajo remunerado = work-for-hire, paid work, paid labour.

* trabajo rutinario = chore, routine work, mundane task.

* trabajos = life's work.

* trabajos de impresión de material efímero = jobbing work.

* trabajos de rescate = rescue work.

* trabajos forzados = forced labour, hard labour.

* trabajo social = social work.

* trabajo sucio = dirty work.

* trabajo sumergido = informal work.

* trabajo temporal = temporary job, casual job.

* trabajo urgente = hurried work, rush job.

* trabajo y esfuerzo = toil and trouble.

* turno de trabajo de atención al usuario = desk duty.

* un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.

* uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.

* útil de trabajo = tool.

* vida en el trabajo = job life.

* visita de trabajo = field trip.

trabajo²

² = assignment, student paper, work, project work, term project.

Nota: Trabajo escrito que debe realizar el estudiante a lo largo de un curso.

Ex: The problems and assignments presented are real problems and assignments, and the people involved are real people, all suitably disguised to protect their identity.

Ex: 5 data collection instruments were used: printouts of data base searches executed by students; a questionnaire; bibliographies from student papers; serial holdings of the university library; and interviews with instructors.

Ex: An authority entry is an entry for which the initial element is the uniform heading for a person, corporate body, or work, as established by the cataloguing agency responsible.

Ex: For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.

Ex: In 1994, 21 students on an introductory course on communication processes completed analyses of 14 different electronic lists or newsgroups as their term projects.

* impresor de pequeños trabajos = jobbing house, jobbing office, jobbing printer.

* mesa de trabajo = writing desk, work desk.

* preparar un trabajo de clase = research + paper.

* trabajo de clase = essay assignment, class assignment, course assignment, student assignment, written assignment.

* trabajo de lectura obligatoria = a must-read.

* trabajo de restauración = restoration work.

* trabajo editado = published work.

* trabajo escolar = school work [schoolwork].

* trabajo impreso = printed work.

* trabajo publicado = published work.

* trabajos de clase = classroom asignment.

* un trabajo cuqlquiera = casual job.

* * *

trabajo

masculine

A

1

(empleo): conseguir trabajo to get o find work

consiguió un trabajo muy bien pagado he got himself a very well-paid job

hay dos trabajos interesantes en el periódico de hoy there are two interesting vacancies o jobs in today's paper

se fue a la capital a buscar trabajo he went to the capital to look for work o for a job

la pérdida de 200 puestos de trabajo the loss of 200 jobs

se quedó sin trabajo she lost her job, she was made redundant, she was let go ( AmE)

no tiene trabajo fijo he doesn't have a steady job

un trabajo de media jornada a part-time job

buscaba trabajo de jornada completa or a tiempo completo or de tiempo completo I was looking for full-time work o for a full-time job

2 (lugar) work

está en el trabajo she's at work

ir al trabajo to go to work

llámame al trabajo give me a call at work

la estación queda cerca de mi trabajo the station's close to where I work

Compuesto:

trabajo compartido

work-sharing

B (actividad, labor) work

trabajo intelectual intellectual work o brainwork

su capacidad de trabajo es enorme he has an enormous capacity for work

la máquina hace el trabajo de cinco personas the machine does the work of five people

requiere años de trabajo it takes years of work

todo nuestro trabajo ha sido en vano all our work has been in vain

el trabajo en equipo teamwork

el trabajo de la casa housework

es un trabajo especializado/de precisión it's specialized/precision work

me tocó a mí hacer todo el trabajo I ended up doing all the work, I got stuck o ( BrE) landed with all the work ( colloq)

hoy no puedo, tengo mucho trabajo I can't today, I have o I've got a lot of work to do

tengo mucho trabajo acumulado I have a huge backlog of work to do

este bordado tiene mucho trabajo a lot of work has gone into this embroidery

¡buen trabajo! te felicito nice work! well done

fue premiado por su trabajo en esa película he was given an award for his performance in that movie

hacer un trabajo de zapa to work o scheme behind the scenes

le he estado haciendo un trabajo de trabajo y ya lo tengo en el bote I've been quietly working on him o softening him up and now I've got him right where I want him

Compuestos:

● trabajo a destajo

piece work

● trabajo agrícola

agricultural work

● trabajo a reglamento

(CS) work to rule

● trabajo de campo

fieldwork

● trabajo de chinos

fiddly o laborious job

● trabajo de parto

labor*

● trabajo de práctica

work experience

● trabajo en cadena

assembly-line work

● trabajos forzados

mpl hard labor*

● trabajos manuales

mpl handicrafts (pl)

● trabajo social

social work

● trabajo voluntario

voluntary o ( AmE) volunteer work

C

1 (tarea, obra) job

es un trabajo que no lo puede hacer cualquiera it's not a job that just anyone can do

limpiar el horno es un trabajo que odio cleaning the oven is a job o chore I hate

la satisfacción de un trabajo bien hecho the satisfaction of a job well done

me cobró un dineral por un par de trabajos he charged me a fortune for doing a couple of little jobs o tasks

2 (obra escrita) piece of work

un trabajo bien documentado a well-documented piece of work

estoy haciendo un trabajo sobre Lorca I'm doing a paper/an essay on Lorca

D

(esfuerzo): con mucho trabajo consiguió levantarse with great effort she managed to get up

nos dio mucho trabajo pintarlo painting it was hard work o took a lot of work

los niños dan mucho trabajo children are hard work o a lot of work

me cuesta trabajo creerlo I find it hard to believe

nos costó trabajo convencerla de que viniera we had a hard time persuading her to come

se tomó/dio el trabajo de venir a buscarme she took the trouble to come and pick me up

puedes ahorrarte el trabajo de ir hasta allá you can save yourself the trouble o bother of going all the way over there

E ( Econ) labor*

el capital y el trabajo capital and labor

F ( Fís) work

* * *

Del verbo trabajar: ( conjugate trabajar)

trabajo es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

trabajó es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
trabajar
trabajo
trabajar ( conjugate trabajar) verbo intransitivo
1 ( en general) to work;
◊ trabajo por cuenta propia to be self-employed;

trabajo jornada completa or a tiempo completo to work full-time;
trabajo media jornada to work part-time;
trabajo mucho to work hard;
¿en qué trabajas? what do you do (for a living)?;
estoy trabajando en una novela I'm working on a novel;
trabajo DE or COMO algo to work as sth
2 ( actuar) to act, perform;
◊ ¿quién trabaja en la película who's in the movie?

verbo transitivo
1
a) ‹campo/tierra/madera› to work

b) ‹ masa› ( con las manos) to knead, work

2 (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on
trabajo sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( empleo) job;

◊ buscar trabajo to look for work o for a job;

quedarse sin trabajo to lose one's job;
un trabajo fijo a steady job;
un trabajo de media jornada a part-time job;
un trabajo de jornada completa or a tiempo completo a full-time job
b) ( lugar) work;

◊ está en el trabajo she's at work;

ir al trabajo to go to work
2 (actividad, labor) work;
◊ trabajo en equipo teamwork;

el trabajo de la casa housework;
los niños dan mucho trabajo children are hard work;
¡buen trabajo! well done!;
trabajo de campo fieldwork;
trabajos forzados hard labor^{( conjugate labor)};
trabajos manuales handicrafts (pl);
trabajo voluntario voluntary o (AmE) volunteer work
3
a) ( tarea) job;

◊ limpiar el horno es un trabajo que odio cleaning the oven is a job I hate

b) ( obra escrita) piece of work;

(en universidad, escuela) essay
4 ( esfuerzo):
◊ con mucho trabajo consiguió levantarse with great effort she managed to get up;

me cuesta trabajo creerlo I find it hard to believe
trabajar
I verbo intransitivo
1 to work: trabaja de secretaria, she works as a secretary
trabaja en los astilleros, she works in the shipyard
trabaja bien, he's a good worker
2 Cine (actuar) to act: en esta película trabaja mi actriz favorita, my favourite actress is in this movie
II verbo transitivo
1 (pulir, ejercitar, estudiar) to work on: tienes que trabajar más el estilo, you have to work on your style
2 (la madera) to work
(un metal) to work
(la tierra) to work, till
(cuero) to emboss
2 (comerciar) to trade, sell: nosotros no trabajamos ese artículo, we don't stock that item
trabajo sustantivo masculino
1 work: hoy tengo poco trabajo, I have little work today
2 (empleo) job: no tiene trabajo, he is unemployed
3 (esfuerzo) work, effort: nos costó mucho trabajo hacerlo, it was hard to do it
4 Educ (sobre un tema) paper
(de manualidades) craft work
5 (tarea) task
un trabajo de chinos, a laborious job
' trabajo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abarcar
- abundancia
- actual
- adicta
- adicto
- afanosa
- afanoso
- agencia
- agobiada
- agobiado
- agobiante
- antigüedad
- ascender
- asquerosidad
- aterrizar
- balde
- bestialidad
- bicoca
- bolsa
- bordar
- buscar
- cadena
- calendario
- calle
- cambiar
- campo
- capear
- cara
- cargada
- cargado
- caterva
- chapucera
- chapucero
- chapuza
- chollo
- colocarse
- como
- condición
- condicionamiento
- construcción
- cuanta
- cuanto
- cubierta
- cubierto
- dar
- dejar
- desbandada
- descansada
- descansado
- descargar
English:
abandon
- acclaim
- actual
- allocation
- ambivalent
- anxiety
- apathetic
- application
- apply
- apply for
- apprentice
- arm-twisting
- artwork
- assignment
- at
- attack
- backlog
- backup
- barrel
- be-all and end-all
- begrudge
- better
- blouse
- blue
- board
- bog down
- boiler suit
- book
- botch
- bother
- bread-and-butter
- bulk
- burn out
- bury
- busywork
- by
- capacity
- careless
- carry over
- casual
- catch up
- chapter
- choose
- chuck in
- clerical
- collaboration
- colleague
- comedown
- commute
- commuter

* * *

trabajo nm

1. [tarea, actividad, práctica] work;

tengo mucho trabajo que hacer I've got a lot of work to do;

una casa tan grande da mucho trabajo a big house like that is a lot of work;

uno de los últimos trabajos de Diego Rivera one of Diego Rivera's last works;

recibió un Óscar por su trabajo en “Cabaret” she received an Oscar for (her performance in) “Cabaret”;

¡buen trabajo! good work!;

hacer un buen trabajo to do a good job;

Comp

ser un trabajo de chinos [minucioso] to be a fiddly o finicky job;
[pesado] to be hard work
Comp
trabajo de campo fieldwork;
trabajo de o en equipo teamwork;

trabajo físico physical work, manual labour;

trabajos forzados o forzosos hard labour;

trabajo intelectual intellectual work;

trabajo de investigación research work;

trabajo manual manual labour;

trabajos manuales [en el colegio] arts and crafts;

trabajo de oficina office job;

trabajo remunerado paid work;

trabajo social social work;

trabajo sucio dirty work;

trabajo temporal temporary work;

trabajo por turnos shiftwork;

trabajo voluntario voluntary work

2. [empleo] job;

buscar/encontrar trabajo to look for/find work o a job;

no tener trabajo, estar sin trabajo to be out of work;

me he quedado sin trabajo I've been left without a job, I'm out of work;

tener un trabajo fijo to have a permanent job

3. [lugar] work;

en el trabajo at work;

ir al trabajo to go to work;

¿quieres que pase a recogerte al trabajo? do you want me to pick you up from work?

4. [escrito] [por estudiante] essay, paper;

hacer un trabajo sobre algo/alguien to write an essay on sth/sb

5. [esfuerzo] effort;

lograron sacar el armario con mucho trabajo they managed to remove the wardrobe, but not without a lot of effort o but it was no easy task;

costar mucho trabajo (a alguien) to take (sb) a lot of effort;

me cuesta mucho trabajo levantarme por las mañanas I find it a real struggle getting up in the morning;

cuesta trabajo admitir que uno se ha equivocado it's not easy to admit that you're wrong;

tomarse el trabajo de hacer algo to go to o take the trouble of doing sth

6. Econ & Pol labour

7. Fís work

8. Literario
trabajos [apuros] hardships;

pasar trabajos to suffer hardships

* * *

trabajo

m work; ( tarea, puesto) job;

buscar trabajo be looking for work, be looking for a job;

tengo un buen trabajo I have a good job;

costar trabajo be hard o difficult;

tomarse el trabajo de take the trouble to

* * *

trabajo nm

1) : work, job

2) labor: labor, work

tengo mucho trabajo: I have a lot of work to do

3) tarea: task

4) esfuerza: effort

5)

costar trabajo : to be difficult

6)

tomarse el trabajo : to take the trouble

7)

trabajo en equipo : teamwork

8) trabajos nmpl

: hardships, difficulties

* * *

trabajo n

1. (actividad, esfuerzo) work

me gusta el trabajo de oficina I like office work

me costó mucho trabajo repararlo it was hard work mending it

2. (empleo, tarea) job

encontró un trabajo de secretaria she found a job as a secretary

3. (lugar) work

va al trabajo en coche he goes to work by car

en el trabajo at work

4. (redacción) essay / project

trabajos forzados hard labour

trabajos manuales crafts

Spanish-English dictionary > trabajo
14 travail

travail (plural - aux) [tʀavaj, o]

1. masculine noun

   a. ( = activité) le travail work

• il est en plein travail he's in the middle of something

• se mettre au travail to get down to work

• avoir du travail/beaucoup de travail to have some work/a lot of work to do

• j'ai un travail fou en ce moment (inf) I'm up to my eyes in work at the moment (inf)

• horaire/vêtements de travail work schedule/clothes

• conditions/méthodes/groupe/déjeuner de travail working conditions/methods/group/lunch

• à travail égal, salaire égal equal pay for equal work

• améliorer la communication, c'est tout un travail ! improving communications is quite a task!

   b. ( = tâche) work uncount, job ; ( = résultat) work uncount

• c'est un travail de spécialiste (difficile à faire) it's a job for a specialist ; (bien fait) it's the work of a specialist

• tu as fait du beau travail you've done a really good job

• travaux de recherche/de construction research/building work

• faire faire des travaux dans la maison to have some work done in the house

• les grands travaux présidentiels the major projects undertaken by the president

• « pendant les travaux, le magasin restera ouvert » "business as usual during alterations"

• il y a des travaux (sur la chaussée) there are roadworks in progress

• « attention ! travaux ! » "caution! work in progress!" ; (sur la route) "roadworks ahead!" (Brit) "roadwork ahead!" (US)

   c. ( = métier, profession) job ; ( = situation) work uncount, job

• avoir un travail intéressant/lucratif to have an interesting/a highly paid job

• apprendre un travail to learn a job

• être sans travail

• ne pas avoir de travail to be out of work

• travail de bureau office work

• travail d'équipe or en équipe team work

• travail en usine factory work

• reprendre le travail to go back to work

• le monde du travail the world of work

   d. ( = façonnage) [de bois, cuir, fer] working

• le travail du marbre requiert une grande habileté working with marble requires great skill

   e. ( = accouchement) labour (Brit), labor (US)

• le travail n'a pas encore commencé she hasn't gone into labour yet

2. compounds

► travaux agricoles farm work

► travaux d'aiguille needlework

► travail à la chaîne assembly-line work

► travaux dirigés (University) tutorial

► travail à distance remote work

► travaux forcés hard labour

► un travail de fourmi a long, painstaking job

► travaux manuels (School) handicrafts

► travaux ménagers housework

► travail au noir undeclared work ; (en plus d'un autre) moonlighting

► travaux personnels encadrés multidisciplinary school project

► travaux pratiques (en classe) practical work ; (en laboratoire) lab work (Brit), lab (US)

► travaux publics civil engineering

• ingénieur des travaux publics civil engineer

* * *

1.

pl - aux tʀavaj, o nom masculin

1) ( contraire de repos) work

être en plein travail — to be busy working

2) (tâche faite, à faire) job; (ensemble des tâches, besogne) work [U]

j'ai un travail fou — I'm up to my eyes in work, I've got a lot of work on

les gros travaux — the heavy work

qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? — what do you call this?

et voilà le travail! — that's that done!

3) ( fait d'exercer un emploi) work; ( emploi rémunéré) work [U], job; ( lieu) work

conditions de travail — working conditions

4) Économie, Sociologie (activité, population active) labour [BrE] [U]

division du travail — division of labour [BrE]

5) ( résultat d'un fonctionnement) (de machine, d'organe) work [U]

le travail musculaire — muscular effort

6) ( ouvrage érudit) work ( sur on)

7) ( façonnage)

le travail de — working with ou in [métal, bois, pierre]

apprendre le travail du bois/métal — to learn woodwork/metalwork

8) (technique, exécution) workmanship

un travail superbe — a superb piece of workmanship

9) Physique work

10) ( action) (d'eau, érosion) action (de of); fig (d'imagination, inconscient) workings (pl) (de of)

11) ( altération) ( de vin) fermentation, working; ( de bois) warping

12) Médecine ( pendant un accouchement) labour [BrE]

2.

travaux nom masculin pluriel

1) ( en chantier) work [U]; ( sur une route) roadworks GB, roadwork [U] US

travaux de construction — construction work [U]

travaux de terrassement — earthworks

‘fermé pour travaux’ — ( sur une devanture) ‘closed for repairs ou alterations’

‘attention, travaux’ — gén ‘caution, work in progress’; ( sur une route) ‘caution, road under repair’

2) (recherche, études) work [U] ( sur on)

3) ( débats) deliberations

4) ( opérations de même nature)

les travaux agricoles/de la ferme — agricultural/farm work [U]

travaux de couture — needlework [U]

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- travail à la chaîne

- travail au noir

- travaux dirigés

- travaux forcés

- travaux manuels

- travaux ménagers

- travaux pratiques

- travaux publics

* * *
tʀavaj, o travaux pl
1. nm

1) (= activité, effort) work

J'ai beaucoup de travail. — I've got a lot of work.

C'est un travail épuisant. — It's exhausting work.

faire du bon travail — to do a good job

se mettre au travail — to start work, to get down to work

outils de travail — working tools, work tools

réunion de travail — working meeting

2) (= tâche spécifique) job

Donne-lui un travail facile. — Give him an easy job.

un travail de recherche — a research job

des travaux de recherche — research work

un travail de traduction — a translation job

des travaux de traduction — translation work

les douze travaux d'Hercules — the twelve labours of Hercules

3) (= emploi, gagne-pain) job, work no pl

Il a un travail intéressant. — He's got an interesting job.

être sans travail — to be out of work

Il est sans travail depuis un an. — He has been out of work for a year.

4) (= lieu) work

aller à son travail — to go to work

Au travail, je m'entends bien avec mes collègues. — I get on well with my colleagues at work.

5) ÉCONOMIE (= ressource, facteur) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USA

la législation du travail — labour law, labour legislation

6) MÉDECINE (de l'accouchement) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USA

entrer en travail — to go into labour

être en travail — to be in labour

7) (= façonnage)

le travail du bois — working with wood

le travail du métal — working with metal

2. travaux nmpl

(= chantier) (de réparation, agricoles) work, (sur route) roadworks, [construction] building work, building

* * *

I.

travail, pl - aux

A nm

1 ( contraire de repos) work; le travail intellectuel intellectual work; le travail scolaire schoolwork; ça demande des mois de travail it requires months of work; se mettre au travail to get down to work, to start work; être en plein travail to be busy working;

2 (tâche faite, à faire) job; (ensemble des tâches, besogne) work ¢; faire un travail to do a job; distribuer le travail to allocate jobs; ce n'est pas mon travail it's not my job; c'est un travail de professionnel ( à faire) it's a job for a professional; ( bien fait) it's a very professional job; c'est un travail d'homme it's man's work; commencer un travail to start a job; mener un travail de recherche to do research work; avoir du travail to have work to do; j'ai un travail fou I'm up to my eyes in work, I've got a lot of work on; les enfants, ça donne du travail, les enfants, c'est du travail children make a lot of work; les gros travaux the heavy work; s'occuper à de petits travaux to do little jobs; faire quelques travaux de jardinage to do a few gardening jobs; (félicitations) c'est du beau travail! aussi iron you've done a great job on that; qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? what do you call this?; et voilà le travail! that's that done!;

3 ( fait d'exercer un emploi) work; ( emploi rémunéré) work ¢, job; ( lieu) work; ne me téléphone pas à mon travail don't call me at work; chercher du/un travail to look for work/a job; bien content d'avoir du/un travail glad to be in work/to have a job; être sans travail to be out of work; donner du travail à qn ( employer) to give sb a job; reprendre le travail to go back to work; cesser le travail to stop work; aller au travail to go to work; être au travail to be at work; que fais-tu comme travail? what do you do?, what's your job?; il ne fait que son travail he's only doing his job; le travail en usine/de bureau factory/office ou clerical work; le travail temporaire/à mi-temps temporary/part-time work; un travail à mi-temps a part-time job; le travail en équipe team work; le travail en équipes shiftwork; le travail de nuit nightwork; il a un travail de nuit he works nights; le travail indépendant freelance work, self-employment; conditions/semaine de travail working conditions/week; vivre de son travail to work for one's living; ⇒ salaire;

4 Écon, Sociol (activité, population active) labour^GB ¢; le capital et le travail capital and labour^GB; organisation/division du travail organization/division of labour^GB; force de travail workforce; entrer dans le monde du travail to enter the world of work; la psychologie du travail industrial psychology;

5 ( résultat d'un fonctionnement) (de machine, d'organe) work ¢; le travail du cœur the work done by the heart; le travail musculaire muscular effort, the work done by the muscles;

6 ( ouvrage érudit) work (sur on); publier un travail sur la Renaissance to publish a work on the Renaissance;

7 ( façonnage) le travail de working with ou in [métal, bois, pierre]; le travail de l'ivoire est difficile working with ou in ivory is difficult; apprendre le travail du bois/métal to learn woodwork/metalwork;

8 (technique, exécution) workmanship; un travail superbe a superb piece of workmanship; un coffret d'un beau travail a beautifully made box; une dentelle d'un travail délicat a delicate piece of lacework;

9 Mécan, Phys work;

10 ( action) (d'eau, érosion) action (de of); fig (d'imagination, inconscient) workings (pl) (de of); le travail du temps the work of time;

11 ( altération) ( de vin) fermentation, working; ( de bois) warping;

12 Méd ( pendant accouchement) labour^GB; entrer/être en travail to go into/be in labour^GB; salle de travail labour^GB ward.

B travaux nmpl

1 ( en chantier) work (sg); ( sur une route) roadworks GB, roadwork ¢ US; travaux de construction/réfection/soutènement construction/renovation/retaining work ¢; travaux de terrassement earthworks; travaux d'aménagement ( de bâtiment) alterations (de to), improvements (de to); ( d'un site) redevelopment ¢ (de of); ( d'une route) roadworks (de on); faire faire des travaux dans sa maison to have work done in one's house; nous sommes en plein travaux we're in the middle of having some work done; ‘fermé pour travaux’ ( sur une devanture) ‘closed for repairs ou alterations’; ‘attention, travaux’ gén ‘caution, work in progress’; ( sur une route) ‘caution, road under repair’;

2 (recherche, études) work ¢ (sur on); publier le résultat de ses travaux to publish the results of one's work;

3 ( débats) (d'assemblée, de commission) deliberations;

4 ( opérations de même nature) les travaux agricoles/de la ferme agricultural/farm work; travaux de couture needlework.

Composés

travail à la chaîne assembly-line work; travail clandestin work for which no earnings are declared; travail à domicile working at or from home; travail des enfants child labour^GB; travail d'intérêt général Jur community service; travail manuel manual work; travail au noir○ gén work for which no earnings are declared; ( exercice d'un second emploi non déclaré) moonlighting; travail aux pièces piece work; travail posté shift work; travail de Romain Herculean task; travail de titan = travail de Romain; travaux d'aiguille needlework ¢; travaux des champs agricultural ou farm work ¢; travaux de dame fancywork ¢; travaux dirigés, TD Univ practical (sg); travaux forcés Jur hard labour^GB (sg); fig slave labour^GB ¢; travaux manuels Scol handicrafts; travaux ménagers housework ¢; travaux pratiques, TP Scol, Univ practical work ¢; ( en laboratoire) lab work ¢; travaux préparatoires Jur ( pour un texte de loi) preliminary documents; travaux publics, TP ( travail) civil engineering ¢; ( ouvrages) civil engineering works, public works; travaux routiers roadworks GB, roadwork ¢ US.

II.

travail, pl travails nm ( appareil) trave.

I

( pluriel travaux) [travaj, o] nom masculin

A.[ACTION]

1. [occupation]

le travail work

le travail de bureau office work

le travail de jour/nuit day/night work

je finis le travail à cinq heures I stop ou finish work at five

écrire un dictionnaire est un travail collectif writing a dictionary involves working as a team

travail de force hard physical work

un travail de longue haleine a long-term work ou project

le travail posté ou par roulement shift work

le travail à domicile outwork

travail d'intérêt général DROIT community service

le travail manuel manual work ou labour

le travail au noir

a. [occasionnel] undeclared casual work, moonlighting

b. [comme pratique généralisée] black economy

travail à la pièce piecework

le travail saisonnier seasonal work

le travail salarié paid work

le travail temporaire

a. [généralement] temporary work

b. [dans un bureau] temping

2. [tâches imposées] work

donner du travail à quelqu'un to give somebody (some) work to do

3. [tâche déterminée] job

faire un travail de recherche/traduction to do a piece of research/a translation

c'est un travail de bagnard ou forçat it's back-breaking work ou a back-breaking job

c'est un travail de fourmi it's a painstaking task

c'est un travail de Romain ou de Titan it's a colossal job

et voilà le travail! (familier) and Bob's your uncle!

4. [efforts] (hard) work

c'est du travail d'élever cinq enfants! bringing up five children is a lot of (hard) work!

il a encore du travail s'il veut devenir champion he's still got a lot of work to do if he wants to be champion

5. [exécution] work

admirez le travail du pinceau admire the brushwork

on lui a confié les peintures et elle a fait du bon/mauvais travail she was responsible for doing the painting and she made a good/bad job of it

regarde-moi ce travail! just look at this mess!

je ne retrouve pas une seule disquette, qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? I can't find a single floppy disc, what's going on here?

et voilà le travail! (familier) and Bob's your uncle!

6. [façonnage] working

elle est attirée par le travail du bois/de la soie she's interested in working with wood/with silk

7. [poste] job, occupation, post

[responsabilité] job

chercher du ou un travail to be job-hunting, to be looking for a job

sans travail unemployed, jobless, out of work

8. [dans le système capitaliste] labour

9. [contrainte exercée - par la chaleur, l'érosion] action

10. PHYSIOLOGIE [accouchement] labour

le travail n'est pas commencé/est commencé the patient has not yet gone/has gone into labour

[activité] work

réduire le travail du cœur/des reins to lighten the strain on the heart/on the kidneys

11. MÉCANIQUE & PHYSIQUE work

12. PSYCHOLOGIE work, working through

travail du deuil grieving process

B.[RÉSULTAT, EFFET]

1. [écrit] piece

il a publié un travail très intéressant sur Proust he published a very interesting piece on Proust

2. [transformation - généralement] work

[modification interne - dans le bois] warping ; [ - dans le fromage] maturing ; [ - dans le vin] working

C.[LIEU D'ACTIVITÉ PROFESSIONNELLE] work, workplace

aller à son travail to go to (one's) work

travaux nom masculin pluriel

1. [tâches] work, working

gros travaux heavy work

j'ai fait des petits travaux I did some odd jobs

ils font des travaux après le pont there are roadworks after the bridge

‘fermé pendant les travaux’ ‘closed for ou during alterations’

‘attention, travaux’ ‘caution, work in progress’

travaux domestiques ou ménagers housework

travaux d'aiguille COUTURE needlework

travaux d'approche

a. MILITAIRE approaches

b. (figuré) manoeuvring

travaux de construction building work

travaux forcés hard labour

travaux d'Hercule

a. MYTHOLOGIE labours of Hercules

b. (figuré) Herculean tasks

travaux manuels

a. [généralement] arts and crafts

b. ÉDUCATION handicraft

travaux pratiques

a. [généralement] practical work

b. [en laboratoire] lab work

travaux d'utilité collective ≃ YTS

grands travaux large-scale public works

les Travaux publics civil engineering

entrer aux Travaux publics to become a civil engineer

2. [d'une commission] work

nous publierons le résultat de nos travaux we'll publish our findings

————————

au travail locution adverbiale

1. [en activité] at work, working

se mettre au travail to get down ou to set to work

allez, au travail! come on, get to work!

2. [sur le lieu d'activité] at work, in the workplace

je vous donne mon numéro au travail I'll give you my work number

————————

de travail locution adjectivale

1. [horaire, séance] working

[vêtement, camarade, permis] work (modificateur)

mes instruments de travail the tools of my trade

contrat de travail employment contract

2. [d'accouchement - période] labour (modificateur) ; [ - salle] labour (modificateur), delivery (modificateur)

————————

du travail locution adjectivale

[accident, sociologie, législation] industrial

conflit du travail employment dispute

droit du travail employment law

————————

en travail adverbe

PHYSIOLOGIE in labour

entrer en travail to go into ou to start labour

II

( pluriel travails) [travaj] nom masculin

MÉDECINE VÉTÉRINAIRE trave

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > travail
15 Introduction

   Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.

   Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.

   Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.

   Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).

   Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.

   Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.

   LAND AND PEOPLE

   The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).

   For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.

   Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the

   Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.

   Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:

   1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)

   1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)

   1864 4,287,000 first census

   1890 5,049,700

   1900 5,423,000

   1911 5,960,000

   1930 6,826,000

   1940 7,185,143

   1950 8,510,000

   1960 8,889,000

   1970 8,668,000* note decrease

   1980 9,833,000

   1991 9,862,540

   1996 9,934,100

   2006 10,642,836

   2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

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